
ALT Promotional artwork for Oliver Stone’s 2004 film Alexander. A helmeted rider on a rearing horse is silhouetted against a layered old map, with blue-grey clouds, warm light and soldiers along the lower edge. The film title and original credits remain at the upper right. This is modern film artwork, not an ancient image or a historical map of Alexander’s empire.

ALT Etching of Alexander’s army crossing the Ister, now called the Danube. Soldiers and horses travel in boats and on raft-like platforms between ranks of troops on both banks. Attributed to Antonio Tempesta, 1565–1630; Rijksmuseum, RP-P-OB-37.727, public domain. A later imagined scene, not evidence of the crossing equipment or terrain.

ALT Modern digital reimagining of Philip II’s assassination, after André Castaigne’s nineteenth-century illustration. A man in a red cloak lunges with a dagger towards Philip, who recoils in white robes. A procession carrying statues passes into a crowded theatre behind them. The scene and architecture are imaginative, not an archaeological reconstruction.

ALT Aristotle and his pupil, Alexander. The young Alexander sits at left with his chin resting on his hand while Aristotle, seated at right, raises an arm as he speaks. A smoking vessel stands between them; armour, a shield and a small Athena figure decorate the room. Wood engraving by Charles Laplante after Frans Verhas, issued 1885. New York Public Library, image 1623975, public domain. A later imagining of their teaching relationship.

ALT A marble Spartan warrior with a crested helmet, shown against a deep red museum wall. The surviving head and torso date to about 480–470 BC, more than a century before Alexander. Found on Sparta’s acropolis, the statue is traditionally called “Leonidas”, but that identity is uncertain. Archaeological Museum of Sparta, 3365. It illustrates Sparta’s earlier military tradition, not the meeting with Alexander. Photograph by George E. Koronaios, 2019; original file retained without retouching. CC BY-SA 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_of_a_hoplite,_known_as_%E2%80%9CLeonidas.%E2%80%9D_5th_cent._B.C.jpg





