AJ (Tony) Press AO FAIIA is an Adjunct Professor at the Australian Antarctic Program Partnership & @IMASUTAS in Hobart, and a commentator on Antarctic affairs.
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ALT a, Time-mean (2004–2024) depth (in metres) of the WW core (south of PF) and the AAIW core (north of PF), with PF marked by the red line. b–d, Time-mean salinity (in grams per kilogram) and e–g, time-mean CFC-11 concentration (in picomoles per kilogram) across the central Atlantic (b,e), eastern Pacific (c,f) and central Indian Ocean (d,g). Lines in b–g denote PF (dashed magenta), WW core (solid black) and WW base (solid red); solid green lines indicate the top (26.9 kg m−3), central (27.23 kg m−3) and bottom (27.53 kg m−3) isopycnals of AAIW; dashed black lines mark the AAIW core; and solid-blue lines denote the mixed-layer depth (MLD). The WW and AAIW cores are characterized as the surfaces of minimum temperature and salinity, respectively, along the vertical direction. Basemap in a generated using Cartopy with data from Natural Earth (https://www.naturalearthdata.com). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-026-02758-y
