Fairlife chocolate protein shake has one main ingredient. Filtered lowfat milk. Every other item on the list is under 1%. The 26 grams of protein in the bottle comes from filtered milk, not from anything added. Regular lowfat milk is about 8 grams of protein a cup, so 14 ounces would give you around 14 grams. Ultrafiltration pushes the milk through membranes that hold the protein back and let the water and most of the lactose through, then the plant recombines it with more of the protein fraction. That's how you get to 26 with nothing on the list but milk. The under 1% group is the taste and the texture. Four sweeteners, monk fruit, stevia, acesulfame potassium and sucralose. Each has its own aftertaste, and stacking them at low levels lets each one cover for the others. Then carrageenan, cellulose gel and cellulose gum, three thickeners that keep the cocoa from settling and give the shake some body. It's about as clean as a protein shake gets.

Canned black olives are green olives. They get picked green and turned black at the plant. Look at a can of Lindsay. Ripe olives, water, sea salt, and ferrous gluconate to stabilize color. The olives go into a lye solution for several days with air bubbled through the tank. The lye pulls the bitterness out and the air oxidizes the skin until it goes black. Then the ferrous gluconate locks that color in so it doesn't go patchy and brown once it's in the can. The label says ripe olives. They were picked green. Ferrous gluconate is an iron salt, the same compound sold as an iron supplement, and it's on the list because an oxidized olive fades back to brown without it. Every olive gets cured somehow. A raw one is full of oleuropein and you can't eat it off the tree. Lye is the fast way, and it strips the bitterness. Brine is the slow way, months in salt water, and that's how a Kalamata gets done. The lye also takes most of the flavor away, which is why a canned black olive tastes almost nothing like a Kalamata.

There's less than 2% cream in Cool Whip according to the ingredient list. The list says water, corn syrup, high fructose corn syrup, hydrogenated vegetable oil, skim milk, and then the under 2% ingredients, starting with light cream. After that you get sodium caseinate, xanthan and guar gums, modified food starch, polysorbate 60, sorbitan monostearate and sodium polyphosphate. These ingredients are designed to keep the air contained. Whip air into water and oil and it wants to collapse, so you need gums and emulsifiers to hold the foam up. A serving is 2 tablespoons and it weighs 9 grams. 2 tablespoons of water weigh roughly 30 grams so the rest of the spoon is air. We call that overrun, and it's why a serving only has 25 calories.