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mLife is an open access microbiology journal. It strives to build a high-level academic exchange platform for the global microbiology community.

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#mLife Volume 5, Issue 4 is now online! Explore new work on HBV cure, EBV models, bacterial effectors, AMR, microbial motility, ecosystem retrogression, iodate reduction, Southern Ocean bacteria, and coastal viromes. doi.org/10.1002/mlf2.70114
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How does Coxiella burnetii keep host cells alive for intracellular replication? #mLife Zhang et al. (@ZhaoQingLuo) reveal that the Dot/Icm effector CubL1 acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase to inhibit host cell death by targeting an apoptosis nuclease. 🔗 doi.org/10.1002/mlf2.70093
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CubL1 targets eIF3g, a dual-function host protein involved in translation initiation and apoptosis. By monoubiquitinating eIF3g at Lys78, CubL1 blocks its DNase activity without detectably impairing protein synthesis.
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Cells infected with a cubL1-deficient Coxiella mutant become more susceptible to apoptosis, while CubL1 restores protection in an E3 ligase activity-dependent manner. This study uncovers a new anti-cell-death strategy used by an intracellular bacterial pathogen.
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Does HBV truly disappear after chronic hepatitis B treatment? New #mLife perspective introduces “cure-related occult HBV infection,” highlighting cccDNA persistence, HBV reactivation risk, and the need for long-term monitoring after HBsAg loss. doi.org/10.1002/mlf2.70102
Figure 1. Distinct immunological and cellular outcomes of three classes of OBI. ① Resolved acute self-limiting infection: Viral clearance occurs without repeated episodes of hepatic inflammation or hepatocyte death. ② Resolved chronic infection without intervention. ③ Functional cure.

ALT Figure 1. Distinct immunological and cellular outcomes of three classes of OBI. ① Resolved acute self-limiting infection: Viral clearance occurs without repeated episodes of hepatic inflammation or hepatocyte death. ② Resolved chronic infection without intervention. ③ Functional cure.

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The perspective proposes that functional cure represents a distinct form of OBI. Although serum HBsAg and HBV DNA become undetectable, residual intrahepatic cccDNA may persist, potentially maintaining a very low risk of HBV reactivation and transmission.
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Long-term follow-up and individualized management remain essential after functional cure, especially during immunosuppressive treatment or in settings where blood safety is a concern. Understanding cure-related OBI will improve HBV control strategies.
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mLife Journal retweeted
mLife Journal@journal_mlife
Sep 4
Clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa can carry a fourth T6SS, but is it functional? #mLife Cover: H4-T6SS becomes an active antibacterial machine when switched on, and TseMt is a pore-forming toxin with a 3.0 Å structure and a dedicated delivery route. #T6SS doi.org/10.1002/mlf2.70108
Figure 1. Model of H4-T6SS-mediated TseMt delivery and function in the clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate LYSZa7. The H4 locus is transcriptionally silent under the tested laboratory conditions but can be activated by promoter rewiring. TseMt adopts a soluble compact state, undergoes conformational rearrangement to expose membrane-interacting elements, and forms pores in target membranes. Its activity is neutralized by TsiMt and is proposed to be delivered by a PAAR4-VgrG4b-DUF4123 chaperone pathway.

ALT Figure 1. Model of H4-T6SS-mediated TseMt delivery and function in the clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate LYSZa7. The H4 locus is transcriptionally silent under the tested laboratory conditions but can be activated by promoter rewiring. TseMt adopts a soluble compact state, undergoes conformational rearrangement to expose membrane-interacting elements, and forms pores in target membranes. Its activity is neutralized by TsiMt and is proposed to be delivered by a PAAR4-VgrG4b-DUF4123 chaperone pathway.

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mLife Journal retweeted
mLife Journal@journal_mlife
Sep 4
Amazing work from @taogdong Lab!
mLife Journal@journal_mlife
Sep 4
Clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa can carry a fourth T6SS, but is it functional? #mLife Cover: H4-T6SS becomes an active antibacterial machine when switched on, and TseMt is a pore-forming toxin with a 3.0 Å structure and a dedicated delivery route. #T6SS doi.org/10.1002/mlf2.70108
Figure 1. Model of H4-T6SS-mediated TseMt delivery and function in the clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate LYSZa7. The H4 locus is transcriptionally silent under the tested laboratory conditions but can be activated by promoter rewiring. TseMt adopts a soluble compact state, undergoes conformational rearrangement to expose membrane-interacting elements, and forms pores in target membranes. Its activity is neutralized by TsiMt and is proposed to be delivered by a PAAR4-VgrG4b-DUF4123 chaperone pathway.

ALT Figure 1. Model of H4-T6SS-mediated TseMt delivery and function in the clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate LYSZa7. The H4 locus is transcriptionally silent under the tested laboratory conditions but can be activated by promoter rewiring. TseMt adopts a soluble compact state, undergoes conformational rearrangement to expose membrane-interacting elements, and forms pores in target membranes. Its activity is neutralized by TsiMt and is proposed to be delivered by a PAAR4-VgrG4b-DUF4123 chaperone pathway.

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Amazing work from @taogdong Lab!
mLife Journal@journal_mlife
Sep 4
Clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa can carry a fourth T6SS, but is it functional? #mLife Cover: H4-T6SS becomes an active antibacterial machine when switched on, and TseMt is a pore-forming toxin with a 3.0 Å structure and a dedicated delivery route. #T6SS doi.org/10.1002/mlf2.70108
Figure 1. Model of H4-T6SS-mediated TseMt delivery and function in the clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate LYSZa7. The H4 locus is transcriptionally silent under the tested laboratory conditions but can be activated by promoter rewiring. TseMt adopts a soluble compact state, undergoes conformational rearrangement to expose membrane-interacting elements, and forms pores in target membranes. Its activity is neutralized by TsiMt and is proposed to be delivered by a PAAR4-VgrG4b-DUF4123 chaperone pathway.

ALT Figure 1. Model of H4-T6SS-mediated TseMt delivery and function in the clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate LYSZa7. The H4 locus is transcriptionally silent under the tested laboratory conditions but can be activated by promoter rewiring. TseMt adopts a soluble compact state, undergoes conformational rearrangement to expose membrane-interacting elements, and forms pores in target membranes. Its activity is neutralized by TsiMt and is proposed to be delivered by a PAAR4-VgrG4b-DUF4123 chaperone pathway.

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Clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa can carry a fourth T6SS, but is it functional? #mLife Cover: H4-T6SS becomes an active antibacterial machine when switched on, and TseMt is a pore-forming toxin with a 3.0 Å structure and a dedicated delivery route. #T6SS doi.org/10.1002/mlf2.70108
Figure 1. Model of H4-T6SS-mediated TseMt delivery and function in the clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate LYSZa7. The H4 locus is transcriptionally silent under the tested laboratory conditions but can be activated by promoter rewiring. TseMt adopts a soluble compact state, undergoes conformational rearrangement to expose membrane-interacting elements, and forms pores in target membranes. Its activity is neutralized by TsiMt and is proposed to be delivered by a PAAR4-VgrG4b-DUF4123 chaperone pathway.

ALT Figure 1. Model of H4-T6SS-mediated TseMt delivery and function in the clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate LYSZa7. The H4 locus is transcriptionally silent under the tested laboratory conditions but can be activated by promoter rewiring. TseMt adopts a soluble compact state, undergoes conformational rearrangement to expose membrane-interacting elements, and forms pores in target membranes. Its activity is neutralized by TsiMt and is proposed to be delivered by a PAAR4-VgrG4b-DUF4123 chaperone pathway.

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A 3.0 Å cryo-EM structure shows TseMt in a compact three-domain state, with membrane-interacting elements buried inside the toxin domain. The data support a conformational switch that exposes these elements for membrane insertion and pore formation.
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Genetics and structural modeling indicate a dedicated DUF4123 chaperone-VgrG4b-PAAR4 pathway for TseMt delivery. Together, the work provides the first functional validation of P. aeruginosa H4-T6SS and mechanistic analysis of one of its effectors.
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10/ Correspondence | Southern Ocean bacterial dispersal Lin et al. show that the Antarctic Circumpolar Current acts as a boundary limiting meridional bacterial dispersal around Antarctica. doi.org/10.1002/mlf2.70094

Antarctic Circumpolar Current creates a boundary limiting the meridional dispersal of bacteria in...

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11/ Correspondence | WWTPs reshape coastal viromes Zhang et al. show that wastewater discharge can override natural seasonal variability and stably reshape coastal viral communities, hosts and AMG profiles. doi.org/10.1002/mlf2.70098

Wastewater treatment plant as a stable contributor affecting coastal ocean water viral communities

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