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ALT A fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) rests beside a forest stream in Bratsigovo, Bulgaria. Freshwater species face widespread human pressures, but where those pressures affect biodiversity has remained poorly understood. Research mapping 45 threats across 21,490 freshwater species reveals hotspots of impact, helping guide conservation and management efforts where they are most urgently needed. Photo: Guy Edwardes/NPL/Minden Pictures

ALT Presynaptic filopodia, protrusions sprouting from nerve cell endings, promote membrane flow to help brain cells release neurotransmitters more closely timed to incoming electrical signals. Synaptic plasticity allows neural circuits to compute and adapt, but just how the structural remodeling of neurons affects their overall communication remains unclear. Jain et al. investigate how these tiny extensions influence the transmission of signals between nerve cells. They found that these extensions create temporary contact with nearby cells and cause the cell membrane to move, resulting in more precisely timed neurotransmitter release. These results reveal how structural remodeling can alter the spatio-temporal organization of neurotransmission. Credit: Jon Moss (Roslin Institute 3D Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Edinburgh) and Daniela Ivanova (University of Edinburgh)

ALT A comparative illustration of neuroinflammation in PS19 FTLD-tauopathy versus BCG-treated PS19 conditions. On the left, PS19 FTLD-tauopathy features reactive astrocytes, activated microglia, and proinflammatory cytokines, leading to neuronal degeneration, tau protein tangles, and cognitive decline as shown by a distressed mouse icon. On the right, BCG-treated PS19 shows resting microglia, healthy neurons, and a stabilized environment with reduced neuroinflammation and improved cognitive function, represented by a healthier mouse icon.
















